![]() ![]() Accumulating evidence shows that a single HK can sense and respond to multiple signals in different domains. The signals are sensed either directly or indirectly via cofactors and accessory proteins. HKs sense their specific signals not only in their extracytoplasmic sensor domain but also in their cytoplasmic and transmembrane domains. The phosphorylated RRs mostly function as transcriptional regulators and control the expression of genes necessary for stress response. Upon perception of a signal, HKs autophosphorylate their conserved histidine residues, followed by phosphotransfer to their partner RRs. TCSs consist of a sensor histidine kinase (HK) and its cognate response regulator (RR). Since TCSs are also involved in controlling the expression of virulence, biofilm formation, quorum sensing, and antimicrobial resistance in pathogens, they serve as candidates for novel drug targets. Two-component signal transduction systems (TCSs) are widely conserved in bacteria to respond to and adapt to the changing environment.
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